Stanford University
This prospective, randomized, 2-period crossover study seeks to evaluate the effect of the non-visual immersive technology-based audio biofeedback intervention, delivered through devices such as NOICE device or Quest 3, on cold pain threshold within participants.
This study addresses the research gap in understanding how non-visual immersive technology-based audio biofeedback intervention impacts pain perception in clinical settings. It is important to explore this because non-visual immersive technology-based audio biofeedback intervention may serve as a non-pharmaceutical, non-visual immersive technology-based audio biofeedback alternative to traditional visual-based distraction methods like virtual reality. The investigators hypothesize that participants using the non-visual immersive technology-based audio biofeedback device will report an increas…
Inclusion Criteria: * Ages 18 years and older * English-speaking * Intact hearing * No self-reported or clinically diagnosed acute or chronic medical conditions that may affect safe participation Exclusion Criteria: * Use chronotropic heart medications * Use pain medications * Current hearing loss * Currently taking beta blockers, or opioids or other prescription pain medications * History of chronic pain or acute pain syndromes
Participants receive real-time auditory feedback during cold pain endurance tasks.
Participants complete the same cold pain endurance tasks without any non-visual immersive technology-based auditory feedback.
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