University of Miami
The aim of the study is to establish an infectious risk stratification system based on pre-and post-operative blood endotoxin profile.
Inclusion Criteria: * Adults that is able to consent (≥ 18 years of age) * Scheduled to undergo PCNL at Uhealth tower and Jackson Memorial Hospitals * not currently immunosuppressed \[White blood count (WBC) \>= 2, not on immunosuppressive medications\] Exclusion Criteria: * unable to consent and \< 18 years of age * currently immunosuppressed (WBC \< 2, not on immunosuppressive medications)