University of California, San Francisco
The overall goal of this study is to reveal the fundamental neural mechanisms that underlie comprehension across human spoken languages. An understanding of how speech is coded in the brain has significant implications for the development of new diagnostic and rehabilitative strategies for language disorders (e.g. aphasia, dyslexia, autism, et alia). The basic mechanisms underlying comprehension of spoken language are unknown. Researchers are only beginning to understand how the human brain extracts the most fundamental linguistic elements (consonants and vowels) from a complex and highly variable acoustic signal. Traditional theories have posited a 'universal' phonetic inventory shared by all humans, but this has been challenged by other newer theories that each language has its own unique and specialized code. An investigation of the cortical representation of speech sounds across languages can likely shed light on this fundamental question. Previous research has implicated the superior temporal cortex in the processing of speech sounds. Most of this work has been entirely carried out in English. The recording of neural activity directly from the cortical surface from individuals with different language experience is a promising approach since it can provide both high spatial and temporal resolution. This study will examine the mechanisms of phonetic encoding, by utilizing neurophysiological recordings obtained during neurosurgical procedures. High-density electrode arrays, advanced signal processing, and direct electrocortical stimulation will be utilized to unravel both local and population encoding of speech sounds in the lateral temporal cortex. This study will also examine the neural encoding of speech in patients who are monolingual and bilingual in Mandarin, Spanish, and English, the most common spoken languages worldwide, and feature important contrastive differences of pitch, formant, and temporal envelope. A cross-linguistic approach is critical for a true understanding of language, while also striving to achieve a broader approach of diversity and inclusion in neuroscience of language.
Experimental approaches with significantly greater spatial and temporal resolution are necessary to directly resolve, both local- and population- level, the contrastive encoding of speech sounds. This study proposes an innovative methodological approach using customized intracranial high-density electrode arrays to record neural activity directly from nonprimary auditory cortex in patients undergoing clinical neurosurgical procedures (acute intraoperative and chronic extraoperative). This approach overcomes obstacles in traditional neuroimaging by offering high signal-to-noise recordings, unpr…
Inclusion Criteria: * Participants with epilepsy or brain tumors at UCSF undergoing surgical electrode implantation for seizure localization or for speech and language mapping and * Participants with electrodes implanted in at least two regions of interest who are willing and able to cooperate with study tasks. Exclusion Criteria: * Participants who lack capacity or decline to provide informed consent, * Participants who have significant cerebral lesions or * Participants with cognitive deficits that preclude reliable completion of study tasks.
Listen to 20-minutes of speech sounds in English, Spanish, and/or Mandarin.