Stanford University
The goal of this study is to characterize an electroencephalogram (EEG) biomarker for fentanyl and understand where this signal is coming from in the brain. The investigators also aim to understand how this EEG biomarker is connected to patient perception to drug liking.
Inclusion Criteria: 1. 18 years old or above (male and female) 2. American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status classification of I, II or III 3. Candidates scheduled for general surgical procedures under general anesthesia and receive fentanyl for surgery Exclusion Criteria: 1. Craniofacial abnormalities 2. Known or suspected difficult intubation or mask ventilation 3. Known or suspected need for rapid sequence induction and intubation 4. Body mass index above 45 kg/m2 5. Allergies to fentanyl 6. History of obstructive sleep apnea requiring CPAP 7. History of obstructive or r…
This observational study enrolls patients receiving fentanyl, a drug routinely administered during surgery under general anesthesia. The primary difference in the investigators' research protocol is the inclusion of a 5-minute interval between fentanyl administration and the induction of general anesthesia. Fentanyl will be given in two boluses of 2 mcg/kg (ideal body weight), spaced 2 minutes apart, totaling 4 mcg/kg. If the participant remains conscious, an additional 2 mcg/kg bolus will be administered after 2 minutes. Additionally, participants will complete a drug-liking questionnaire before the first bolus and every 30 seconds until anesthesia induction, rating how much they "liked" the drug on a 0-100 scale.
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