University of Texas, El Paso
Exercise-Induced Hypoalgesia (EIH) refers to reduced pain sensitivity following exercise, particularly in response to noxious stimuli. Various exercise modalities, including isometric, aerobic, and resistance training, contribute to this effect. Pain experienced during exercise may activate descending inhibitory pathways, leading to subsequent pain relief. Conditioned Pain Modulation (CPM) is a behavioral measure of diffuse noxious inhibitory control (DNIC), where pain inhibits pain. It is proposed that pain within the exercising limb may serve as a conditioning stimulus, activating CPM. For instance, maximal handgrip exercise has been used to trigger CPM responses. In clinical settings, unpleasant physical therapy interventions like exercise, thermal modalities, and electrical stimulation may function through CPM mechanisms. CPM predicts EIH in both young and older adults, with painful exercise reducing pressure pain ratings across age groups. Isometric exercise has also been shown to decrease CPM in individuals with systemic EIH, suggesting shared mechanisms. Athletes exhibit higher pain thresholds and tolerance due to repeated exposure to high-intensity exercise. However, they demonstrate lower CPM activation, possibly as a compensatory response to chronic noxious input. This raises the question: Can repeated high-intensity aerobic exercise, perceived as painful, train the nervous system to enhance descending pain inhibition in non-athletes? While alterations in pain sensitivity related to analgesic-induced pain inhibition have been documented, the effects of continuous stimulation of central pain pathways via painful high intensity exercise, along with the mediating influence of psychosocial factors, remain underexplored. This study aims to investigate the central pain modulatory mechanisms (measured by QST) that have differential changes in participants who receive multiple sessions of high intensity aerobic exercise as an intervention compared to receiving single session. Additionally, the study will evaluate the impact of sociocultural factors, including optimism, pain catastrophizing, and marginalization on alterations in pain sensitivity.
Background: Pain and Its Burden Pain is a prevalent and complex health condition that significantly impacts individuals, families, and society as a whole. Of the 39.4 million adults experiencing pain most days and persisting for over three months, nearly two-thirds report it as "constantly present," with over half describing it as "unbearable and excruciating". Pain can be categorized into physiological and pathological types. Nociceptive and inflammatory pain are physiological responses that serve protective and adaptive functions, whereas pathological pain is considered non-protective and m…
Inclusion Criteria: * pain-free * between 18-50 years old. Exclusion Criteria: Participants will not be excluded based on race or gender but will be excluded if they meet any of the following * non-English speaking * systemic medical condition is known to affect sensation * regular use of prescription pain medication to manage pain * current or history of chronic pain condition * currently using blood thinning medication * any blood clotting disorder such as hemophilia * any contraindication to the application of ice or cold packs, such as uncontrolled hypertension, cold urticaria, cryoglo…
HIIT Protocol (Individualization of Exercise Program): Peak power will be calculated with Graded Exercise Test (GXT), with 90% of peak power used as the target range for the intervention. Total Training Time: 35 minutes. Warm-Up Phase: 1. Duration: 10 minutes 2. Intensity: 40-50% of peak power HIIT Work and Rest Cycles: Each session includes 20 minutes of intervals with the following pattern: Work: 1 minute at 90% of peak power Rest: 3 minutes at 40% of peak power Repeat for five cycles. 5 minute cool down at 40% of peak power Monitoring: VO₂ and heart rate will be continuously measured. Lactate levels will be measured at the following points: 1. Before the warm-up 2. After completing the warm-up (1st-minute intervention) 3. During the second minute of each rest period