Loma Linda University
The purpose of this graduate student research study is to transform the existing concepts surrounding shoulder strength in baseball players, particularly in the context of retroverted shoulders.
The study aims to investigate the influence of biological age on shoulder strength in comparison to chronological age, providing insights into how these factors might interact in the context of athletic performance. Additionally, the investigators seek to develop a novel framework for injury prevention in baseball, addressing the critical research gap identified in the scope review. Furthermore, the investigators will conduct a comparative analysis between two different countries to deepen the understanding of baseball-related injuries, ultimately fostering a more comprehensive approach to ath…
Inclusion Criteria: * Able to participate in baseball activities * All races and ethnicities. * Speaks and understands English or Japanese. Exclusion Criteria: A diagnosis of a current injury that prevents participation in baseball activities. * Orthopedic conditions (e.g., muscle strain, ligament sprain) * Vascular history (e.g., blood clots, vascular surgery, varicose veins) * Neurological history (e.g., stroke, nerve injury, or cognitive impairment) * Cardiopulmonary conditions (e.g., hypertension, heart disease) * Any history of bleeding or clotting disorders * Diabetes, cancer, rhabdo…
Shoulder external rotation and internal rotation strength will be measured with a dynamometer at the end range, as well as at retroverted shoulder neutral and zero degrees for three times. Grip strength will also be measured three times using the dynamometer after the shoulder strength assessments.
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