Arizona State University
This study aims to understand how participating in the Western States Endurance Run (WSER), a 100-mile ultramarathon, affects kidney health. Long, strenuous exercise in hot conditions can temporarily strain the kidneys, especially when combined with dehydration, muscle breakdown, and the use of common pain-relief medications such as ibuprofen. Although kidney stress has been reported in endurance sports, no study has examined it directly in runners during the WSER using newer, more sensitive urine markers of kidney injury. Runners who volunteer will complete brief assessments before and after the race. These include providing a urine sample, a small finger-prick blood sample, a body-weight measurement, and answering a short questionnaire about pain-medication use. During the race, participants will wear a global positioning system (GPS) watch and heart-rate strap to monitor effort. Each assessment takes about 15 minutes, and no follow-up is required. Findings from this study will help determine how often kidney stress occurs in this event and what factors may contribute to it, ultimately supporting safer training and medical practices for ultramarathon athletes.
The study is a single-group, pre- and post-test design where participants will be assessed prior to the start of the WSER, upon completion of the race and 24 hours post-race. Approximately one hour prior to the race commencing, participants will be asked to void the entire contents of their bladder in a urine container in order to measure urine volume, flow rate and urine specific gravity (USG) to assess hydration status and for subsequent analysis of acute kidney injury (AKI) risk (insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 (IGFBP7), tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 2 (TIMP-2), and neu…
Inclusion Criteria: * Running in the Western States Endurance Run in either 2026, 2027 or 2028 * No contraindications to exercise as indicated by the Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire (PAR-Q+) as prepared by the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) * Not currently taking medicine or experiencing illness that may influence the cardiovascular or neuromuscular system * Age ≥18 and ≤ 50 years old and injury free (skeletal muscle) for \> 3 months Exclusion Criteria: * Minors (under 18) * Adults who are unable to consent (impaired decision-making capacity) * Prisoners * Pregnant Wom…
SB will be used to investigate whether adding a buffer exogenously to aid recovery helps in reducing the severity of acute kidney injury.
The placebo product consists of the same sodium concentration as the intervention group receiving sodium bicarbonate.
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